What are the two different apical meristems of a plant, and what are their functions? Know the three different types of plant tissues (and their functions), and the three different types of ground tissues (and their functions). Where are stomata, guard cells, and trichomes found? What is a meristem? Where are meristems found on a plant? What is the difference between primary and secondary growth? What is the function(s) of stems? Know the difference between monocot and dicot stems; node and internode; terminal bud and auxiliary bud; vascular cambium and cork cambium. Explain how rings are formed in wood (and what type of vascular tissue makes up the wood). Be familiar with possible modifications of stem structure. What is the function(s) of roots? Know external root anatomy, including the three different zones. What is the function of the root cap? Know the functions of the endodermis and pericycle. Know the difference between monocot roots and dicot roots. Be familiar with possible modifications of root structure. What is the function(s) of leaves? Know basic external and internal leaf anatomy. Know the differences between monocot and dicot leaves; simple and compound leaves, pinnate and palmate compound leaves, and pinnate and palmate venation. Be familiar with possible modifications of leaf structure.

This is a comprehensive question covering various aspects of plant biology. Let's break it down into manageable sections. ### 1. Apical Meristems **Types:** - **Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM):** Located at the tips of stems, responsible for the growth of new leaves and stems. - **Root Apical Meristem (RAM):** Located at the tips of roots, responsible for the growth of new root cells. **Functions:** - Both types of meristems are responsible for primary growth, which increases the length of the plant. ### 2. Plant Tissues **Three Types of Plant Tissues:** 1. **Dermal Tissue:** - **Function:** Protects the plant and helps in water retention. - **Components:** Epidermis, cuticle, and trichomes. 2. **Vascular Tissue:** - **Function:** Transports water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant. - **Components:** Xylem (water transport) and phloem (nutrient transport). 3. **Ground Tissue:** - **Function:** Provides support, storage, and photosynthesis. - **Components:** Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. ### 3. Ground Tissues **Three Types of Ground Tissues:** 1. **Parenchyma:** - **Function:** Storage, photosynthesis, and tissue repair. 2. **Collenchyma:** - **Function:** Provides flexible support, especially in young stems and leaves. 3. **Sclerenchyma:** - **Function:** Provides rigid support and strength. ### 4. Stomata, Guard Cells, and Trichomes - **Stomata:** Pores found on the surface of leaves that allow gas exchange. - **Guard Cells:** Specialized cells that surround stomata and regulate their opening and closing. - **Trichomes:** Hair-like structures found on the surface of leaves and stems that can provide protection and reduce water loss. ### 5. Meristem - **Definition:** A region of undifferentiated cells capable of division and growth. - **Location:** Found at the tips of roots and shoots (apical meristems) and in lateral meristems (such as vascular cambium and cork cambium). ### 6. Primary vs. Secondary Growth - **Primary Growth:** Increases the length of the plant and occurs at the apical meristems. - **Secondary Growth:** Increases the thickness of the plant and occurs in lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium). ### 7. Functions of Stems - **Functions:** Support leaves and flowers, transport nutrients and water, and store food. **Differences:** - **Monocot vs. Dicot Stems:** - Monocots have scattered vascular bundles; dicots have them arranged in a ring. - **Node vs. Internode:** - Node: The part of the stem where leaves are attached. - Internode: The segment of the stem between two nodes. - **Terminal Bud vs. Axillary Bud:** - Terminal Bud: Located at the tip of the stem, responsible for growth. - Axillary Bud: Located in the leaf axil, can develop into a branch or flower. - **Vascular Cambium vs. Cork Cambium:** - Vascular Cambium: Produces new xylem and phloem. - Cork Cambium: Produces cork cells for protection. ### 8. Formation of Rings in Wood - **Rings:** Formed by the growth of xylem during different seasons; wider in spring (early wood) and narrower in summer (late wood). - **Vascular Tissue:** Wood is primarily made up of xylem. ### 9. Modifications of Stem Structure - Examples include rhizomes, tubers, and stolons, which serve various functions like storage and vegetative reproduction. ### 10. Functions of Roots - **Functions:** Anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients, and store food. **External Root Anatomy:** - **Three Zones:** 1. **Zone of Cell Division:** Where new cells are produced. 2. **Zone of Elongation:** Where cells grow and elongate. 3. **Zone of Maturation:** Where cells differentiate into various types. - **Root Cap:** Protects the root tip as it grows through the soil. **Endodermis and Pericycle:** - **Endodermis:** Regulates the flow of water and nutrients into the vascular system. - **Pericycle:** Can give rise to lateral roots and contributes to secondary growth. **Monocot vs. Dicot Roots:** - Monocot roots have a fibrous structure; dicot roots typically have a taproot system. ### 11. Functions of Leaves - **Functions:** Photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transpiration. **External and Internal Leaf Anatomy:** - **External:** Includes the blade, petiole, and stipules. - **Internal:** Contains mesophyll (palisade and spongy), vascular bundles (xylem and phloem), and stomata. **Differences:** - **Monocot vs. Dicot Leaves:** Monocots have parallel venation; dicots have net-like venation. - **Simple vs. Compound Leaves:** Simple leaves have a single blade; compound leaves have multiple leaflets. - **Pinnate vs. Palmate Compound Leaves:** Pinnate have leaflets arranged along a central axis; palmate have leaflets radiating from a single point. ### 12. Modifications of Leaf Structure - Examples include tendrils, spines, and storage leaves, which serve various functions like support, protection, and storage. This overview covers the essential aspects of plant structure and function as requested. If you need more detailed information on any specific topic, feel free to ask!