SOURCE 1A The source below explains how the Industrial Revolution in Britain Increased working opportunitios for many peoplo. This also led to the explotation of women and children. From the second half of the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution swept through Britain. Machines, especially steam-powered machines, helped make many factorles fully mechanisod and capable of mass-produding goods such as tools and textiles. New jobs were created, but these usually involved repetitive tasks and were ruled by the clock. Previously, workers had often been pald for a specific project (piecawork) and worked at their own thythm. Factories full of machines became hot, noisy and oflen dangerous places to work. In textile mills, men, women, and children worked long 12-hour shifts As money \& efficiency became the obsession of many mill owners, workers were increasingly pressured to work faster. In 1830, one in 80 Britons worked in a textile mill. The majority of these were women and children, both cheaper than male labour women were around $$ 50 \% $$ cheaper, children 80\% cheaper than adult males and with other advarteges such as having more dexterous fingers and less liRely to cause upset to management. Childien were used in many other industries, so much so that in 1851, a commission found that one-third of children under the age of fifteen worked outside the home History/Grads 8 $$ \stackrel{3}{6 E T} $$ MopariEas:District/Juna 2024 SECTION A: SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS QUESTION 1: WHAT WERE THE SOCIAL CHANGES THAT WERE BROUGHT UP BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN IN THE 1800s? Study Sources 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D and answer the questions that follow. 1.1 Refer to Source 1A 1.1.1 According to the sourco, why were steam-powered machines important during the Industrial Revolution? Give TWO reasons (2×1) (2) 1.1.2 Define the concept industrial ievolution in your own words. 1.1.3 Explain why the clock ruled in the workplaces during the Industrial Rovolution. $$ (1 \times 2)(2) $$ 11.4 Quote TWO pieces of evidence that confirm that the Industrial Revolution also introduced unfavourable situations at work (2×1) (2) 1.1.5 Using the source and your own knowledge, explain why employers preferred women and children employess $$ (2 \times 2)(4) $$

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1.1.1  
• Steam-powered machines were important because they enabled factories to become fully mechanized and capable of mass-producing goods.  
• They increased production efficiency by replacing slower, manual methods of production.

1.1.2  
The Industrial Revolution was a period of dramatic change when production shifted from manual, piecework methods to machine-based manufacturing. This transformation introduced new technologies and methods that greatly increased production output and reshaped society.

1.1.3  
During the Industrial Revolution, work in factories became regimented by the clock because production was organized around machines operating in fixed cycles. Unlike the flexible hours of piecemeal work, factory jobs required workers to perform repetitive tasks within strict time constraints, ensuring operations ran continuously and efficiently.

1.1.4  
• “Factories full of machines became hot, noisy and often dangerous places to work.”  
• “In textile mills, men, women, and children worked long 12-hour shifts.”

1.1.5  
Employers preferred women and children because they were significantly cheaper to employ—women were around $$50\%$$ cheaper and children $$80\%$$ cheaper than adult male labour. Additionally, children were seen as having more dexterous fingers and were considered less likely to upset management, further incentivizing their employment for cost efficiency.
1.1.1 - Steam-powered machines made factories more efficient and allowed mass production. - They replaced slower manual methods, increasing production speed. 1.1.2 The Industrial Revolution was a time when factories replaced home-based work with machine-powered manufacturing, increasing production and changing society. 1.1.3 Workplaces were timed by the clock to match machine cycles, making tasks repetitive and rigid. 1.1.4 - Factories were hot, noisy, and dangerous. - Workers had to do 12-hour shifts. 1.1.5 Employers chose women and children because they were cheaper and easier to manage.

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